With the widespread adoption of compute-intensive workloads – such as artificial intelligence and machine learning – in enterprise and cloud data centers, high-speed, low-latency interconnects like PCI Express^® architecture are required to connect high-performance nodes.

One of the many new features included in the PCI Express^® (PCIe^®) specification will be PAM4 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation with 4 levels) signaling.